Impact Of Digital Leadership on Small Medium Enterprises Resilience: The Mediating Role of Employee Creativity
Abstract
Survival of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is important in uncertainty and rapid advancement of digitalization nowadays, which leads to significant changes in the business environment. SMEs must be able to be resilient and face turbulence to survive and maintain business continuity. To support this resilience, digital leaders are required to help enterprises transform and lead them to a more promising future. Thus, SMEs have a digital mindset so that they can recognize and exploit opportunities, as well as overcome the challenges of surviving in an increasingly dynamic environment. Based on Social Exchange Theory and Resource Base Theory, this study examines the relationship between digital leadership and SMEs resilience through the mediation of employee creativity. Based on a sample of 179 SMEs from various sectors in Indonesia. The data were analyzed using AMOS-SEM by assessing construct validity and reliability, as well as measurement and structural models. The analysis confirms the effect of digital leadership on SMEs' resilience. The findings also provide support for the mediating role of employee creativity. The findings reveal the effect mechanism of digital leaders on SMEs resilience and enrich the literature on antecedents of SMEs resilience. Practical implications and future research are also discussed.
References
Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Bailey, C., Conway, E., Monks, K. and Fu, N. (2019), “Perceived human resource system strength and employee reactions toward change: revisiting human resource’s remit as change agent”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 58 No. 3, pp. 239-252.
Alvarez, S.A., Busenitz, L.W., 2001. The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. J. Manag. 27 (6), 755–775.
Amabile, T.M. (1997), “Motivating creativity in organisations: on doing what you love and loving what you do”, California Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 1.
Amabile, T.M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J. and Herron, M. (1996), “Assessing the work environment for creativity”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 1154-1184.
Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W. (1988), “Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 103 No. 3, pp. 411-423.
Anderson, N., Potocnik, K. and Zhou, J. (2014), “Innovation and creativity in organizations: a state-ofthe-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework”, Journal of Management, Vol. 40 No. 5, pp. 1297-1333.
Anderson, N., Potočnik, K., & Zhou, J. (2014). Innovation and creativity in organizations: A state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1297–1333.
Aparna , S.M & Sahney, Sangeeta. (2022). Examining resilience: the role of creativity-oriented high-performance work practices and role clarity. Journal of Organizational Change Management. Vol. 35 No. 7, pp. 1047-1060.
Avolio, B. J., Kahai, S., & Dodge, G. E. (2000). E-leadership: implications for theory, research, and practice. Leader. Q. 11, 615–668.
Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Baker, B. (2014). E-leadership: re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission. Leader. Q. 25, 105–131.
Baer, M., & Oldham, G. R. (2006). The curvilinear relation between experienced creative time pressure and creativity: Moderating effects of openness to experience and support for creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 963–970.
Barney, Jay & Wright, Mike & Ketchen, David. (2001). The Resource-Based View of the Firm. Journal of Management. 27.
Baron, Reuben M. & Kenny, David A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Pe~nality and Social Psychology. Vol. 51, No. 6, 1173-1182.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Batool, Fatima., Mohammad, Jihad & Awang, S. Rahmah. (2021). The effect of servant leadership on organisational sustainability: the parallel mediation role of creativity and psychological resilience. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 71-95.
Baudier, P., Kondrateva, G., Ammi, C., Chang, V., Schiavone, F., 2020. Patients’ perceptions of teleconsultation during COVID-19: a cross-national study. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change.
Benitez, J., Arenas, A., Castillo, A. and Esteves, J., 2022. Impact of digital leadership capability on innovation performance: The role of platform digitization capability. Information & Management, 59(2), p.103590.
Blanco, J.M.M. (2018), “Organizational resilience. how learning sustains organizations in crisis, disaster, and breakdown by D. Christopher Kayes”, The Learning Organization, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 143-146.
Blanco, J.M.M. (2018), “Organizational resilience. how learning sustains organizations in crisis, disaster, and breakdown by D. Christopher Kayes”, The Learning Organization, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 143-146.
Borah, P.S., Iqbal, S. and Akhtar, S., 2022. Linking social media usage and SME's sustainable performance: The role of digital leadership and innovation capabilities. Technology in Society, 68, p.101900.
Bowen, G., 2021. Digital leadership, ethics, and challenges. In Strategy, Leadership, and AI in the Cyber Ecosystem (pp. 23-39). Academic Press.
BPS. (2022). Statistik Indonesia dalam infografis. Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia.
Branicki, L.J., Sullivan-Taylor, B. and Livschitz, S.R. (2018), "How entrepreneurial resilience generates resilient SMEs", International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 24 No. 7, pp. 1244-1263
Bughin, J., Chui, M. & Manyika, J. (2013). Ten IT-enabled business trends for the decade ahead. McKinsey Quarterly.
Castellacci, F. (2015), “Institutional voids or organizational resilience? Business groups, innovation, and market development in Latin America”, World Development, Vol. 70, pp. 43-58.
Chan, D. (2009). “So why ask me? Are self-report data really that bad?”, in Lance, C.E. and Vandenberg, R.J. (Eds), Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends, Routledge, New York, NY, pp. 309-336.
Cheng, Cong & Yang, Monica. (2019). Creative process engagement and new product performance: The role of new product development speed and leadership encouragement of creativity. Journal of Business Research. Volume 99, Pages 215-225.
Colbert, A., Yee, N. & George, G. (2016). The Digital Workforce and the Workplace of the Future. Academy of Management Journal, 59(3), pp.731-739.
Conner, T.S., DeYoung, C.G. and Silvia, P.J. (2018), “Everyday creative activity as a path to flourishing”, The Journal of Positive Psychology, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 181-189.
Connor, Kathryn M., and Davidson, Jonathan R.T. (2003). Development Of A New Resilience Scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (Cd-Risc). Depression And Anxiety. Volume 18 Page 76–82.
Cooke, F.L., Cooper, B., Bartram, T., Wang, J. and Mei, H. (2019), “Mapping the relationships between high-performance work systems, employee resilience and engagement: a study of the banking industry in China”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 30 No. 8, pp. 1239-1260.
Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E. & Zampieri, R. (2019). The Role of Leadership in a Digitalized World: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10.
Costanza, D.P., Blacksmith, N., Coats, M.R., Severt, J.B. and DeCostanza, A.H. (2015), “The effect of adaptive organizational culture on long-term survival”, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 361-381.
da Silva, F. P., Jerónimo, H. M., & Vieira, P. R. (2019). Leadership competencies revisited: A causal configuration analysis of success in the requirements phase of information systems projects. Journal of Business Research, 101(January), 688–696.
David J. Hughes, Allan Lee, Amy Wei Tian, Alex Newman, Alison Legood. (2018). Leadership, creativity, and innovation: A critical review and practical recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly. Volume 29, Issue 5, Pages 549-569.
De Carvalho, A.O., Ribeiro, I., Cirani, C.B.S. and Cintra, R.F. (2016), “Organizational resilience: a comparative study between innovative and non-innovative companies based on the finansial performance analysis”, International Journal of Innovation, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 58-69.
Dipta. (2017), Indonesia SME Strategy, ILO/OECD Workshop for Policy Makers on Productivity and Working Conditions in SMEs, Jakarta.
Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Childe, S. J., Fosso Wamba, S., Roubaud, D., & Foropon, C. (2019). Empirical investigation of data analytics capability and organizational flexibility as complements to supply chain resilience. International Journal of Production Research, 59(1), 110–128.
Duchek, S. (2020), “Organizational resilience: a capability-based conceptualization”, Business Research, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 215-246.
El Sawy, O., Amsinck, H., Kraemmergaard, P. & Vinther, A. (2016). How LEGO Built the Foundations and Enterprise Capabilities for Digital Leadership. MIS Quarterly Executive.
Erhan, T., Uzunbacak, H.H. and Aydin, E. (2022), "From conventional to digital leadership: exploring digitalization of leadership and innovative work behavior", Management Research Review, Vol. 45 No. 11, pp. 1524-1543
Fatoki, Olawale. 2018. "The Impact of Entrepreneurial Resilience on the Success of Small and Medium Enterprises in South Africa" Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2527
Fernandez-Dıaz, J.R., Gutierrez-Ortega, M., Llamas-Salguero, F. and Canton-Mayo, I. (2021), “Creativity and resilience as predictors of career success”, Sustainability, Vol. 13 No. 8, p. 4489.
Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 39-50.
Gilson, L. L., Maynard, M. T., Jones Young, N. C., Vartiainen, M., and Hakonen, M. (2015). Virtual teams research: 10 years, 10 themes, and 10 opportunities. J. Manag. 41, 1313–1337. doi:10.1177/0149206314559946
Gordon Bowen. (2021). Digital leadership, ethics, and challenges. Strategy, Leadership, and AI in the Cyber Ecosystem. Pages 23-39.
Gu, Q., Tang, L. P., & Wan, J. (2015). Does moral leadership enhance employee creativity? Employee identification with leader and leaderemember exchange (LMX) in the Chinese context. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(3), 513e529.
Haddud, A., & McAllen, D. (2018). “Digital workplace management: exploring aspects related to culture, innovation, and leadership,” in Proceedings of the Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology, PICMET 2018 (Honolulu: HI), 1–6.
Herbane, B. (2018), “Rethinking organizational resilience and strategic renewal in SMEs”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 31 Nos 5-6, pp. 476-495.
Huang, L., Krasikova, D. V., & Liu, D. (2016). I can do it, so can you: The role of leader creative self - efficacy in facilitating follower creativity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 132,49–62.
Hughes, D. J., Lee, A., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., & Legood, A. (2018). Leadership, creativity, and innovation: A critical review and practical recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly, 29, 549–569.
Johan, A. P., Lukviarman, Niki & Putra, R. E. (2022). Continuous intention to use e-wallets in Indonesia: The impact of e-wallets features. Innovative Marketing, 18(4), 74-85. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im
Juan Narbona (2016) Digital leadership, Twitter and Pope Francis, Church, Communication and Culture, 1:1, 90-109.
Karippur, N.K. and Balaramachandran, P.R., 2022. Antecedents of effective digital leadership of enterprises in Asia Pacific. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 26.
Khaw, T.Y., Teoh, A.P., Abdul Khalid, S.N. and Letchmunan, S., 2022. The impact of digital leadership on sustainable performance: A systematic literature review. Journal of Management Development, 41(9/10), pp.514-534.
Lambe, C. & Wittmann, C. & Spekman, Robert. (2001). Social Exchange Theory and Research on Business-to-Business Relational Exchange. Journal of Business-to-business Marketing. Vol. 8. Page 1-36.
Lee, A., Legood, A., Hughes, D., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., and Knight, C. (2020). Leadership, creativity and innovation: a meta-analytic review. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol. 29, 1–35
Lengnick-Hall, C. A., & Beck, T. E. (2005). Adaptive fit versus robust transformation: How organizations respond to environmental change. Journal of Management, 31(5), 738–757.
Lengnick-Hall, Cynthia. A., Beck, Tammy. E., Lengnick-Hall, Mark. L. (2011). Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, Volume 21, Issue 3, Pages 243-255.
Li, Lixu., Wang, Zhiqiang., Ya, Fei., Chen, Lujie., Zhan, Yuanzhu. (2022). Digital technology deployment and firm resilience: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Industrial Marketing Management. Volume 105, Pages 190-199.
Li, Wenjing, Bhutto, T. Ahmed, Xuhui, Wang., Maitlo, Qamaruddin., Zafar, A. Ullah, Bhutto, N. Ahmed. (2020). Unlocking employees’ green creativity: The effects of green transformational leadership, green intrinsic, and extrinsic motivation. Journal of Cleaner Production. Volume 255.
Liu, D., Liao, H., & Loi, R. (2012). The dark side of leadership: A three-level investigation of the cascading effect of abusive supervision on employee creativity Academy of Management Journal, 55(5), 1187e1212.
Lozano, R. (2014). Creativity and organizational learning as means to foster sustainability. Sustainable Development. Vol. 22 No. 3, pp. 205-216.
Mafabi, S., Munene, J. and Ntayi, J. (2012), “Knowledge management and organizational resilience: organizational innovation as a mediator in Uganda parastatals”, Journal of Strategy and Management, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 57-80.
Mafabi, S., Munene, J.C. and Ahiauzu, A. (2015), “Creative climate and organizational resilience: the mediating role of innovation”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 564-587.
Martin, R., Thomas, G., Guillaume, Y., Lee, A., & Epitropaki, O. (2016). Leader-member exchange (LMX) and performance: A meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 69, 67–121.
Martinaityte, I., Sacramento, C. and Aryee, S. (2019). Delighting the customer: creativity-oriented high-performance work systems, frontline employee creative performance, and customer satisfaction, Journal of Management, Vol. 45 No. 2, pp. 728-751.
Meier, C., Sachs, S., Stutz, C. and McSorley, V. (2017). Establishing a digital leadership barometer for small and medium enterprises (SME). In Management challenges in a network economy: Proceedings of the MakeLearn and TIIM International Conference 2017 (pp. 103-109).
McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T.H., Patil, D.J. and Barton, D. (2012), “Big data: the management revolution”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 90 No. 10, pp. 60-68.
McManus, S., Seville, E., Vargo, J. and Brunsdon, D. (2008), “Facilitated process for improving organizational resilience”, Natural Hazards Review, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 81-90.
Midgley, J. (2008), “Microenterprise, global poverty and social development”, International Social Work, Vol. 51 No. 4, pp. 467-479.
Mihardjo, Leonardus & Sasmoko, Sasmoko & Alamsjah, Firdaus & Djap, Elidjen. (2019). Digital leadership role in developing business model innovation and customer experience orientation in industry 4.0. Management Science Letters. 9. 1749–1762.
Miller, C. L. (2018). Digital Leadership: Using the Internet and Social Media To Improve the Lives, Well-Being and Circumstances of Others," Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 45-48.
Miller, C., (2018). Digital Leadership: Using the Internet and Social Media to Improve the Lives, Well-Being and Circumstances of Others. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 110(1), pp.45-48.
Mitchell, I.K. and Walinga, J. (2017). The creative imperative: the role of creativity, creative problem solving and insight as key drivers for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol. 140, pp. 1872-1884.
Mohamed, M.S., Khalifa, G.S., Al-Shibami, A.H., Alrajawi, I. and Isaac, O. (2019), “The Mediation Effect of Innovation on the relationship between Creativity and organizational productivity: an empirical study within public sector organizations in the UAE”, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 14 No. 10, pp. 3234-3242.
Muijs, D. (2011), “Leadership and organisational performance: from research to prescription?”, International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 45-60.
Murashkin, M., & Tyrväinen, J. (2020). Adapting To The New Normal: A Qualitative Study of Digital Leadership in Crisis.
Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 607–634.
Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., and Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). Job crafting in changing organizations: antecedents and implications for exhaustion and performance. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 20:470.
Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y. and Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88 No. 5, pp. 879-903.
Protogerou, Aimilia., Kontolaimou, Alexandra., & Caloghirou, Yannis. (2022). Creative industries and resilience in times of crisis: the role of firm and entrepreneurial team characteristics. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. Vol. 28 No. 4, pp. 1075-1105.
Putra, R. E. & Fariz, M., 2020. The moderating role of openness to experience: Influence of nostalgia on purchase intention. Jurnal Kajian Manajemen Bisnis, 9(2), pp.67-79. doi: https://doi.org/10.24036/jkmb.10980300
Rivai, H. A., Putra, R.E., Lukito, H. and Handika, R.F., 2023. Impact of Success Expectations, Motivation and Team Behavior on Entrepreneurship Learning Outcomes in Higher Education. Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Bung Hatta, 18(1), pp.1-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.37301/jmubh.v18i1.20870
Sadeghi, J.K., Struckell, E., Ojha, D., Nowicki, D., 2020. Absorptive capacity and disaster immunity: the mediating role of information quality and change management capability. J. Knowl. Manag.
Sawy, Omar & Amsinck, H. & Kræmmergaard, Pernille & Vinther, A.L. (2016). How LEGO built the foundations and enterprise capabilities for digital leadership. 15. 141-166.
Scuotto, Veronica., Magni, Domitilla., Palladino, Rosa., & Nicotra, Melita. (2022). Triggering disruptive technology absorptive capacity by CIOs. Explorative research on a micro-foundation lens. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 174
Shafi, Mohsin., Zoya, Zheng Lei, Xiaoting Song, Md Nazirul Islam Sarker. (2020). The effects of transformational leadership on employee creativity: Moderating role of intrinsic motivation. Asia Pacific Management Review. Volume 25, Issue 3, Pages 166-176.
Shalley, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33–53.
Sommer, S.A., Howell, J.M. and Hadley, C.N. (2016), “Keeping positive and building strength”, Group & Organization Management, Vol. 41 No. 2, pp. 172-202.
Sommer, Sue A., Jane M. Howell and Constance Noonan Hadley. “Keeping Positive and Building Strength.” Group & Organization Management 41 (2016): 172 – 202
Sousa, M. J., & Rocha, Á. (2018). Skills for disruptive digital business. J. Business Res. 94, 257–263.
Sweetman, D. and Luthans, F. (2010), “The power of positive psychology: psychological capital and work engagement”, inWork Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, pp. 54-68.
Tahirkheli, S. Khan. (2022). e-Leadership theory – A more than ever virtually connected world needs a virtually theorized leadership in a globally cross-cultural network space. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, Volume 6, Issue 1.
Tambunan, T. (2008), “SME development, economic growth, and government intervention in a developing country: the Indonesian story”, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 147-167.
Tambunan, T. (2019), “Recent evidence of the development of micro, small and medium enterprises in Indonesia”, Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Vol. 9 No. 1.
Vargas-Hernandez, J.G. and Jimenez, R.A. (2017), “Organizational learning and resilience for effective organizational development”, International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Development, Vol. 4 Special Issue. 1, pp. 1-20.
Vargas-Hernandez, J.G. and Jimenez, R.A. (2017), “Organizational learning and resilience for effective organizational development”, International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Development, Vol. 4 Special Issue. 1, pp. 1-20.
Vera, Dusya., Samba, Codou.,Kong, D. Tony., Maldonado, Tiffany. (2021). Resilience as thriving: The role of positive leadership practices. Organizational Dynamics. Volume 50, Issue 2.
Verhoef, P.C., Broekhuizen, T., Bart, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Dong, J.Q., Fabian, N. and Haenlein, M. (2021), “Digital transformation: a multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 122, pp. 889-901.
Vought, & Xin, W. (2017). E-Leadership in practice: The components of transformational leadership in virtual business environments. Education Doctoral. Paper 323.
Wagner, M., Heil, F., Hellweg, L. and Schmedt, D. (2019), “Working in the digital age: not an easy but a thrilling one for organizations, leaders and employees”, in Krüssel, P. (Ed.), Future Telco Successful Positioning of Network Operators in the Digital Age, Springer, Cham, pp. 395-410.
Walton, A. P. (2003). The impact of interpersonal factors on creativity. Internasional Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 9(4), 146e162.
Wasono, Leonardus W & Furinto, Asnan. (2018). The effect of digital leadership and innovation management for incumbent telecommunication company in the digital disruptive era. International Journal of Engineering & Technology. Volume 7 (2.29), 125-130.
Wasono, Leonardus. W. & Furinto, Asnan. (2018). The effect of digital leadership and innovation management for incumbent telecommunication company in the digital disruptive era. International Journal of Engineering & Technology. Vol. 7 (2.29) Page 125-130.
Weiner, J., Balijepally, V., & Tanniru, M. (2015). Integrating strategic and operational decision-making using data-driven dashboards: the case of St. Joseph mercy Oakland hospital. J. Health Management. 60, 319–330.
Yufan Shang, Melody P.M. Chong, Jun Xu, Xiji Zhu. (2019). Authentic leadership and creativity in China: The role of students’ regulatory-focused behaviors and supervisors’ power sources. Thinking Skills and Creativity. Volume 34.
Zarei, Mohammad., Supphellen, Magne & Bagozzi, Richard P. (2022). Servant leadership in marketing: A critical review and a model of creativity-effects. Journal of Business Research. Volume 153, Pages 172-184.
Zeike, Sabrina., Bradbury, Katherine., Lindert, Lara., and Pfaff, Holger. (2019). Digital Leadership Skills and Associations with Psychological Well-Being. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. Vol. 16(14).
Zhang, Wengang., Xu, Feng., & Sun, Baiqing. (2020). Are open individuals more creative? The interaction effects of leadership factors on creativity. Personality and Individual Differences. Volume 163.
Zhu J, Zhang B, Xie M and Cao Q (2022) Digital Leadership and Employee Creativity: The Role of Employee Job Crafting and Person-Organization Fit. Front. Psychol. 13:827057.
Zhu, Jian., Zhang, Bin., Xie, Mingxing & Cao, Qiuju. (2022). Digital Leadership and Employee Creativity: The Role of Employee Job Crafting and Person-Organization Fit. Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 13.
Copyright (c) 2023 Rahmat Eka Putra, Sepri Neswardi, Primadona Primadona, Jumyetti Jumyetti, Ika Yuanita
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Please find the rights and licenses in AMAR (Andalas Management Review). By submitting the article/manuscript of the article, the author(s) agree with this policy. No specific document sign-off is required.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
2. Author(s)' Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
3. User Rights
AMAR is to disseminate/published articles are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, AMAR permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work for non-commercial purposes only. Users will also need to attribute authors and AMAR on distributing works in the journal and other media of publications.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights;
- Copyright and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- The right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- The right to reproduce the article for own purposes,
- The right to self-archive the article,
- The right to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal (Andalas Management Review).
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was jointly prepared by more than one author, any authors submitting the manuscript warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to be agreed on this copyright and license notice (agreement) on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this policy. AMAR will not be held liable for anything that may arise due to the author(s) internal dispute. AMAR will only communicate with the corresponding author.
6. Royalties
Being an open accessed journal and disseminating articles for free under the Creative Commons license term mentioned, author(s) aware that AMAR entitles the author(s) to no royalties or other fees.
